Elements,Compounds and Mixtures-Advanced

Separation methods of mixtures

• Chromatography

Chromatography involves a extract,being dissolved in a mobile stage either a gas or a liquid. The mobile stage is then forced through an immobile, immiscible stationary stage. The stages are chosen such that components of the sample have different solubilities in each phase. A component which is quite soluble in the stationary stage will take longer to travel through it than a component which is not very soluble in the stationary stage but very soluble in the mobile stage. As a result of these differences in mobilities, sample components will become separated from each other as they travel through the stationary stage.

Taken from: http://teaching.shu.ac.uk/hwb/chemistry/tutorials/chrom/chrom1.htm

• Distillation

Distillation is the process of heating a liquid until it boils, gets and cool the hot vapours and collecting the condensed vapours. Distillation is used to purify a compound by separating it from a non-volatile or less-volatile material. When different compounds in a mixture have different boiling points, they separate into individual components when the mixture is carefully distilled.

Taken from: http://orgchem.colorado.edu/hndbksupport/dist/dist.html

• Fractional distillation

Fractional distillation is the separation of a mixture into its component parts, such as in separating compounds by their boiling points by heating them to a temperature at which several fractions of the compound will evaporate


Taken from:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_distillation

1. Fragrance Extraction

Fragrance extraction refers to the extraction of aromatic compounds from raw materials.


Taken from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraction_%28fragrance%29

• Filtration

Filtration is the process of using a filer to separate a of mixture solids and liquids . Depending, the solid, the liquid, or both may be isolated.

To separate a mixture of compounds, a liquid is chosen which dissolves one part, while not dissolving the other. By dissolving the mixture in the liquid, one part will go into the solution and pass through the filter, while the other will be retained. This is one of the most important techniques used by chemists to purify compounds.

Taken from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filtration

• Evaporation

Evaporation is the process by which molecules in a liquid state continuously become gaseous state, without being heated to the boiling point . It is the opposite of condensation. Generally, evaporation can be seen by the slow disappearance of a liquid, when exposed to a certain volume of gas.

Taken from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporation

• Crystallization

Crystallization is the process of formation of solid crystals from a solvent. Crystallization is also a chemical solid-liquid separation technique, in which mass transfer of a solid from the liquid solution to a pure solid crystalline phase occurs.

Taken from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallization